Pogoda

Pogoda w Nowy Sącz na dziś i jutro — 10 sierpnia 2026

Mapa Polski z prognozą pogody na najbliższe dni, przedstawiająca różne symbole pogodowe i kierunki zmian.
Ilustracja przedstawia mapę Polski z wizualną prognozą pogody. Na mapie zaznaczono główne miasta (m.in. Gdańsk, Warszawa, Kraków, Wrocław) oraz symbole pogodowe dla różnych lokalizacji, co sugeruje zmianę warunków atmosferycznych w ciągu najbliższych dni. Różne kolory i strzałki mogą wskazywać na przemieszczanie się frontów atmosferycznych lub zmianę pogody z jednego obszaru na drugi. Jest to narzędzie edukacyjne lub informacyjne do śledzenia zapowiadanej zmienności pogody w Polsce. Symbolika pogodowa obejmuje: * Słońce/Ciepła pogoda (żółte słońca) * Chmury z deszczem/Opady (chmury z kroplami) * Strzałki i linie mogą symbolizować kierunek ruchu frontów lub wiatr. Mapa pomaga użytkownikom zaplanować aktywności na podstawie prognozowanych warunków atmosferycznych dla kluczowych regionów kraju.

W poniedziałek będzie gorąco do ponad trzydziestu stopni z zachmurzeniem, a w wtorek nastąpi wyraźne ochłodzenie. Ostrzegamy przed upałem.

Dziś

W poniedziałek, 10 sierpnia, w Nowym Sączu panować będzie pogoda typu przejściowego z przewagą zachmurzenia. Temperatura maksymalna wzrośnie do 31,2°C. Mimo chmurnej nieba, warunki będą sprzyjać aktywności na świeżym powietrzu.

Należy jednak uważać na wysokie wiatry – porywy mogą osiągać prędkość do 23 km/h.

Jutro

We wtorek, 11 sierpnia, nastąpi znacząca korekta pogody. Maksymalna temperatura spadnie o ponad osiem stopni do 23,4°C. Zachmurzenie będzie nadal utrzymywać się przez większość dnia.

Silniejszy wiatr może powodować porywy nawet do 34 km/h, co warto wziąć pod uwagę podczas planowania wyjść na zewnątrz lub transportu rowerowego.

Temperatura

[{"t": "2026-08-10T11:00", "temp": 27.6, "feels": 27.6}, {"t": "2026-08-10T12:00", "temp": 28.9, "feels": 29.4}, {"t": "2026-08-10T13:00", "temp": 29.7, "feels": 29.9}, {"t": "2026-08-10T14:00", "temp": 30.2, "feels": 29.9}, {"t": "2026-08-10T15:00", "temp": 30.5, "feels": 30.3}, {"t": "2026-08-10T16:00", "temp": 31.2, "feels": 31.3}, {"t": "2026-08-10T17:00", "temp": 31.2, "feels": 31.3}, {"t": "2026-08-10T18:00", "temp": 30.7, "feels": 31.7}, {"t": "2026-08-10T19:00", "temp": 29.4, "feels": 31.2}, {"t": "2026-08-10T20:00", "temp": 27.0, "feels": 28.4}, {"t": "2026-08-10T21:00", "temp": 25.5, "feels": 27.2}, {"t": "2026-08-10T22:00", "temp": 24.0, "feels": 24.9}, {"t": "2026-08-10T23:00", "temp": 22.9, "feels": 23.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T00:00", "temp": 21.7, "feels": 22.3}, {"t": "2026-08-11T01:00", "temp": 20.7, "feels": 21.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T02:00", "temp": 20.1, "feels": 20.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T03:00", "temp": 19.5, "feels": 19.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T04:00", "temp": 19.5, "feels": 20.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T05:00", "temp": 20.2, "feels": 20.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T06:00", "temp": 19.8, "feels": 20.3}, {"t": "2026-08-11T07:00", "temp": 21.4, "feels": 21.3}, {"t": "2026-08-11T08:00", "temp": 20.6, "feels": 21.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T09:00", "temp": 21.3, "feels": 22.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T10:00", "temp": 21.5, "feels": 22.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T11:00", "temp": 20.8, "feels": 20.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T12:00", "temp": 21.8, "feels": 21.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T13:00", "temp": 21.9, "feels": 21.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T14:00", "temp": 21.3, "feels": 20.3}, {"t": "2026-08-11T15:00", "temp": 22.9, "feels": 22.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T16:00", "temp": 23.4, "feels": 22.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T17:00", "temp": 23.4, "feels": 22.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T18:00", "temp": 23.2, "feels": 22.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T19:00", "temp": 22.5, "feels": 22.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T20:00", "temp": 21.2, "feels": 20.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T21:00", "temp": 19.5, "feels": 19.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T22:00", "temp": 18.0, "feels": 16.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T23:00", "temp": 17.0, "feels": 16.2}]

Opady

[{"t": "2026-08-10T11:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T12:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T13:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T14:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T15:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T16:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T17:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T18:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T19:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T20:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T21:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T22:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T23:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T00:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T01:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T02:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T03:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T04:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T05:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T06:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T07:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T08:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T09:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T10:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T11:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T12:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T13:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T14:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T15:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T16:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T17:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T18:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T19:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T20:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T21:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T22:00", "mm": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T23:00", "mm": 0.0}]

Wiatr

[{"t": "2026-08-10T11:00", "speed": 7.2, "gust": 19.1}, {"t": "2026-08-10T12:00", "speed": 9.4, "gust": 22.7}, {"t": "2026-08-10T13:00", "speed": 8.6, "gust": 23.4}, {"t": "2026-08-10T14:00", "speed": 9.0, "gust": 22.3}, {"t": "2026-08-10T15:00", "speed": 8.6, "gust": 23.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T16:00", "speed": 9.4, "gust": 22.7}, {"t": "2026-08-10T17:00", "speed": 7.9, "gust": 23.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T18:00", "speed": 5.0, "gust": 19.4}, {"t": "2026-08-10T19:00", "speed": 5.4, "gust": 13.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T20:00", "speed": 6.5, "gust": 11.5}, {"t": "2026-08-10T21:00", "speed": 1.4, "gust": 10.8}, {"t": "2026-08-10T22:00", "speed": 4.3, "gust": 10.8}, {"t": "2026-08-10T23:00", "speed": 5.0, "gust": 7.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T00:00", "speed": 4.7, "gust": 7.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T01:00", "speed": 4.3, "gust": 7.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T02:00", "speed": 2.9, "gust": 5.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T03:00", "speed": 5.4, "gust": 7.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T04:00", "speed": 4.3, "gust": 7.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T05:00", "speed": 2.9, "gust": 5.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T06:00", "speed": 4.0, "gust": 6.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T07:00", "speed": 10.8, "gust": 23.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T08:00", "speed": 7.6, "gust": 22.7}, {"t": "2026-08-11T09:00", "speed": 4.0, "gust": 18.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T10:00", "speed": 10.8, "gust": 24.5}, {"t": "2026-08-11T11:00", "speed": 15.8, "gust": 33.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T12:00", "speed": 12.2, "gust": 32.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T13:00", "speed": 13.0, "gust": 28.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T14:00", "speed": 15.5, "gust": 33.5}, {"t": "2026-08-11T15:00", "speed": 9.7, "gust": 33.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T16:00", "speed": 13.0, "gust": 28.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T17:00", "speed": 11.9, "gust": 29.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T18:00", "speed": 10.1, "gust": 26.3}, {"t": "2026-08-11T19:00", "speed": 8.6, "gust": 22.3}, {"t": "2026-08-11T20:00", "speed": 8.6, "gust": 19.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T21:00", "speed": 6.8, "gust": 15.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T22:00", "speed": 7.9, "gust": 20.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T23:00", "speed": 5.4, "gust": 14.8}]

Ciśnienie

[{"t": "2026-08-10T11:00", "hpa": 1015.9}, {"t": "2026-08-10T12:00", "hpa": 1015.7}, {"t": "2026-08-10T13:00", "hpa": 1015.4}, {"t": "2026-08-10T14:00", "hpa": 1015.3}, {"t": "2026-08-10T15:00", "hpa": 1014.9}, {"t": "2026-08-10T16:00", "hpa": 1014.2}, {"t": "2026-08-10T17:00", "hpa": 1013.6}, {"t": "2026-08-10T18:00", "hpa": 1013.5}, {"t": "2026-08-10T19:00", "hpa": 1013.6}, {"t": "2026-08-10T20:00", "hpa": 1013.5}, {"t": "2026-08-10T21:00", "hpa": 1014.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T22:00", "hpa": 1014.4}, {"t": "2026-08-10T23:00", "hpa": 1014.5}, {"t": "2026-08-11T00:00", "hpa": 1014.3}, {"t": "2026-08-11T01:00", "hpa": 1014.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T02:00", "hpa": 1014.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T03:00", "hpa": 1014.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T04:00", "hpa": 1014.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T05:00", "hpa": 1014.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T06:00", "hpa": 1015.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T07:00", "hpa": 1016.7}, {"t": "2026-08-11T08:00", "hpa": 1018.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T09:00", "hpa": 1018.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T10:00", "hpa": 1019.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T11:00", "hpa": 1020.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T12:00", "hpa": 1020.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T13:00", "hpa": 1020.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T14:00", "hpa": 1021.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T15:00", "hpa": 1020.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T16:00", "hpa": 1020.7}, {"t": "2026-08-11T17:00", "hpa": 1020.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T18:00", "hpa": 1020.8}, {"t": "2026-08-11T19:00", "hpa": 1021.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T20:00", "hpa": 1021.5}, {"t": "2026-08-11T21:00", "hpa": 1022.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T22:00", "hpa": 1023.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T23:00", "hpa": 1023.7}]

Jakość powietrza (AQI)

[{"t": "2026-08-10T11:00", "aqi": 35.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T12:00", "aqi": 39.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T13:00", "aqi": 40.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T14:00", "aqi": 41.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T15:00", "aqi": 42.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T16:00", "aqi": 43.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T17:00", "aqi": 41.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T18:00", "aqi": 39.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T19:00", "aqi": 35.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T20:00", "aqi": 31.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T21:00", "aqi": 30.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T22:00", "aqi": 28.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T23:00", "aqi": 26.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T00:00", "aqi": 22.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T01:00", "aqi": 20.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T02:00", "aqi": 21.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T03:00", "aqi": 23.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T04:00", "aqi": 23.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T05:00", "aqi": 22.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T06:00", "aqi": 22.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T07:00", "aqi": 22.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T08:00", "aqi": 28.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T09:00", "aqi": 31.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T10:00", "aqi": 36.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T11:00", "aqi": 38.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T12:00", "aqi": 41.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T13:00", "aqi": 42.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T14:00", "aqi": 40.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T15:00", "aqi": 38.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T16:00", "aqi": 38.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T17:00", "aqi": 39.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T18:00", "aqi": 37.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T19:00", "aqi": 34.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T20:00", "aqi": 32.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T21:00", "aqi": 25.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T22:00", "aqi": 20.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T23:00", "aqi": 20.0}]

Pyłki

[{"t": "2026-08-10T11:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.9, "mugwort_pollen": 6.7, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 1.9}, {"t": "2026-08-10T12:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.2, "mugwort_pollen": 5.4, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 1.8}, {"t": "2026-08-10T13:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.4, "mugwort_pollen": 5.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 1.8}, {"t": "2026-08-10T14:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 6.1, "mugwort_pollen": 4.9, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 1.9}, {"t": "2026-08-10T15:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 6.4, "mugwort_pollen": 5.3, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 2.0}, {"t": "2026-08-10T16:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 6.9, "mugwort_pollen": 5.4, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 2.1}, {"t": "2026-08-10T17:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 7.1, "mugwort_pollen": 5.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 2.6}, {"t": "2026-08-10T18:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 8.0, "mugwort_pollen": 7.1, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 2.7}, {"t": "2026-08-10T19:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 10.2, "mugwort_pollen": 10.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 2.7}, {"t": "2026-08-10T20:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 10.8, "mugwort_pollen": 9.9, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 2.3}, {"t": "2026-08-10T21:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 9.9, "mugwort_pollen": 11.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.8}, {"t": "2026-08-10T22:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 7.9, "mugwort_pollen": 9.7, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.7}, {"t": "2026-08-10T23:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 7.0, "mugwort_pollen": 9.9, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.6}, {"t": "2026-08-11T00:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.8, "mugwort_pollen": 10.8, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.9}, {"t": "2026-08-11T01:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.7, "mugwort_pollen": 9.8, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 1.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T02:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.9, "mugwort_pollen": 11.3, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 1.7}, {"t": "2026-08-11T03:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.9, "mugwort_pollen": 11.5, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 1.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T04:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 4.9, "mugwort_pollen": 10.4, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.5}, {"t": "2026-08-11T05:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.8, "mugwort_pollen": 8.0, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.4}, {"t": "2026-08-11T06:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.5, "mugwort_pollen": 6.1, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T07:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.2, "mugwort_pollen": 4.7, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T08:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 2.7, "mugwort_pollen": 3.3, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.2}, {"t": "2026-08-11T09:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 2.9, "mugwort_pollen": 3.0, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T10:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.4, "mugwort_pollen": 2.5, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T11:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.3, "mugwort_pollen": 2.7, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T12:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.2, "mugwort_pollen": 3.1, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T13:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.3, "mugwort_pollen": 3.6, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T14:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 3.8, "mugwort_pollen": 3.4, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T15:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 4.8, "mugwort_pollen": 3.8, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T16:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.4, "mugwort_pollen": 3.6, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T17:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 5.5, "mugwort_pollen": 4.3, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.1}, {"t": "2026-08-11T18:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 6.0, "mugwort_pollen": 4.4, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T19:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 6.0, "mugwort_pollen": 4.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T20:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 7.2, "mugwort_pollen": 5.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T21:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 9.3, "mugwort_pollen": 7.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T22:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 9.7, "mugwort_pollen": 7.2, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.0}, {"t": "2026-08-11T23:00", "alder_pollen": 0.0, "birch_pollen": 0.0, "grass_pollen": 8.7, "mugwort_pollen": 6.8, "olive_pollen": 0.0, "ragweed_pollen": 0.0}]

Źródło danych: Open-Meteo (prognoza, jakość powietrza CAMS).

Słowa kluczowe